Publication of the World's First Manual on International Law Applicable to Military Uses of Outer Space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For decades, various space applications and technologies have provided humanity with immeasurable scientific, socio-economic, and strategic benefits. To avoid miscalculations and misunderstandings that may lead to conflicts, all States and space stakeholders must have a clear and uniform understanding of their rights and obligations relating to the conduct of space activities, including military space activities. To aid and assist all States and space stakeholders, the McGill Manual of International Law Applicable to Military Uses of Outer Space (McGill Manual) is the world's first manual clarifying the international law applicable to military uses of outer space in times of peace, including challenges to peace. The 52 Rules of the McGill Manual are the result of an internationally-recognised effort involving over 80 legal and technical experts from across the globe. The publication of the McGill Manual represents a major effort in strengthening the international rule-based order for the safe, secure, peaceful, and sustainable use of outer space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".