Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two Indo-Pacific anchovy genera (Encrasicholina and Stolephorus) are reviewed with respect to their fisheries, contribution to food security and as important baitfish for tropical pole-and-line fisheries. In the Pacific Islands, the use of stolephorid anchovies has been largely limited to live bait for pole-and-line tuna fisheries. Their inclusion in official catch statistics, however, is spotty at best, and this contribution is meant to partly compensate for this, by providing catch data which will be included in the Sea Around Us database and website. In contrast, stolephorid anchovies form the basis of food cultures from Southeast Asia to the coast of East Africa. They are consumed in varying degrees by 30-50% of the global population, and are eaten fresh, dried and fermented into fish sauce and paste. The majority of the stolephorid anchovies landed are Encrasicholina heteroloba, E. pseudoheteroloba, E. punctifer, Stolephorus indicus, and S. commersonnii. The biology and population dynamics of stolephorids are reviewed based on studies conducted across their geographic range. The members of the two genera are short-lived (1-2 years), fast growing species with high natural mortality rates, for example, as caused by seabirds. Fishing obviously impacts stolephorid anchovy populations, but the dynamics of their populations are also strongly influenced by oceanic and climate effects. A principal driver in coastal lagoons is allochthonous freshwater input that in turn influences plankton production, especially of copepods, with stolephorid spawning tied to periods of zooplankton blooms. Another major influence is from monsoon-driven upwelling of deeper waters that fertilize the upper surface layers. The ocean or buccaneer anchovy, E. punctifer in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean can be found in all stages of life history on the high seas, where they are an important forage for a range of species such as tunas and seabirds. In this they differ from all other stolephorid anchovies, which complete their life cycles in coastal waters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.579 | 0.533 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".