Frequency of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetes patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a clinically relevant concern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly among those receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. In Pakistan, many patients initially seek treatment from community pharmacies rather than hospitals, which may delay formal diagnosis and management. Objective: To determine the frequency of urinary tract infections among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from 17 June 2025 to 7 October 2025. A total of 136 male and female patients aged 30 to 70 yearswith T2DM who had been receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors for more than three months were included. Pregnant women, patients with a history of coronary artery disease, current catheterization, recent UTI within the preceding two weeks, or spinal injuries were excluded. Midstream urine samples were collected in sterile containers and sent for microbiological examination. Urine culture was performed on cysteine-lactose-lysozyme-deficient agar, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. A consultant pathologist reviewed culture reports to confirm the presence or absence of UTI. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, while categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Results: The mean age of the participants was 55.48 ± 12.19 years. Of the 136 patients, 77 (56.62%) were male, and 59 (43.38%) were female. The mean body mass index was 27.60 ± 3.02 kg/m², while the mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 11.56 ± 4.31 years. Urinary tract infection was identified in 19 patients, yielding a frequency of 13.97% among T2DM patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors.Conclusion: Urinary tract infection was observed in a notable proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors. These findings suggest the need for careful clinical monitoring and early recognition of UTI in this patient population to improve treatment outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".