Acquisition of the German Rhotic by Children With Typical Versus Protracted Phonological Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The German rhotic (often [ʁ]), tends to be acquired earlier than other rhotics such as /r/, /ɻ/, /ɹ/, whether because of its relatively wide range of acceptable variants or its less complex articulatory configuration. The current study extends research on acquisition of the German rhotic by describing variant and nonvariant outputs in 48 preschoolers with typical versus protracted phonological development (TD–PPD), with reference to preliminary data from one standard German-speaking adult. Children in both developmental groups produced the range of adult variants, although with lower frequency in younger children and those with PPD, especially in clusters and multisyllabic words. Children with PPD showed a greater range and frequency of nonvariant outputs (deletions, substitutions). Although the lack of population-based data on adult variability precludes detailed child–adult comparisons, the study contributes to research on phonological acquisition in the context of variable input.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".