SURGICAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION IN NORTH AMERICA: REVIEW AND COMPARISON
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Training and competency certification for the specialty of general surgery in North America have many similarities and some differences between the two countries (Canada & USA). The work and learning environment in both countries are very similar leading to many similarities in training and certification. Accreditation of the training centers and structured residency programs with carefully designed curriculum are the core requirements for specialization. The difference is in the accrediting and supervising institutions. Similarly, is the certification process. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada is responsible for both accrediting training centers and conducting the certification exams. While in the US, more than one organization is involved in the two processes. This variation may lead to different standards and quality of training. This difference is difficult to evaluate. Keywords: Surgery, Training, Qualification, North America Citation: Faiz Tuma. Surgical training and qualification in North America: review and comparison. Iraqi JMS. 2017; Vol. 15(2): 106-107. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.15.2.1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".