Children, Detention & Solitary Confinement in Scotland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In March 2021, the Scottish Parliament unanimously adopted the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill. Once the Bill receives Royal Assent, the articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) will be enforceable in Scots law. Among the many provisions outlined in the UNCRC is the prohibition against torture, which is also replicated in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as incorporated into UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998. A host of other Scottish, UK and international laws also prohibit torture. Specifically, the UK is party to the UN Convention against Torture and other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (UNCAT) and, under the Scotland Act 1998, Scotland is responsible for implementing its provisions prohibiting torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment (CIDT). Nonetheless, certain detention practices in Scotland may breach the minimum threshold for a finding of torture or CIDT due to the heightened protections due children. This brief addresses the detention of children in Scottish youth offender institutes (YOIs) and how it may amount torture or CIDT in breach of a range of legal obligations owed to children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".