Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductionJohn Lennon, particularly in singing, and with regard to certain phonemes, uses pronunciations different from those of his native accent.Namely, southern English [ʌ] as well as his native northern [ʊ] for RP /ʌ/, and the American [ ɑ: ] in addition to the British [ ɒ ] for RP / ɒ /, are used (Sato 2015(Sato , 2016(Sato , 2017)).The studies dealt with this issue (mentioned above) all analysed the songs recorded in the studios to be released as records.The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in the use of the variants in his live performances.Auditory analysis is chiefly employed.As the Beatles finished giving concerts in 1966, the number of the songs available for this study is limited.The live performances used for this study include television shows and live recordings for radio programmes as well as performances in concert halls.John Lennon's performances in Toronto in 1969 when he appeared as a member of The Plastic Ono Band are added.The list of the songs and the live performances analysed in this study is at the end of this section.For some live performances, the whole song is not played, or the whole lyrics are not sung.Therefore, the number of the tokens for each version may differ.Comments may be made where necessary.Some words are sung too fast, too short, or too unclear to make reliable judgement.These
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".