Role of Balinese Flute Playing in Enhancing Cognitive Function and Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in the Elderly
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Aging is associated with cognitive decline, yet the brain retains adaptive capacity with proper stimulation. Musical activities, including traditional Balinese flute playing, have shown potential in enhancing memory, concentration, and cognitive performance.Objective: This study examined the effect of playing the Balinese flute piece “Morning Happiness” on cognitive improvement in the elderly, as indicated by changes in serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels.Methods: This experimental study was conducted from June to September 2024 among elderly participants (>60 years) with controlled risk factors. Subjects were randomized into an intervention group (n=28) and control group (n=14), with a male-to-female ratio of 3:4. The intervention group played the Balinese flute for 20 minutes daily, while the control group listened to the same music for 10 minutes, three times weekly. Cognitive function was assessed using the Indonesian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-Ina), and serum BDNF levels were measured before and after the intervention.Results: The intervention group showed a significant improvement in total MoCA-Ina scores (Z = -2.82, p = 0.005), particularly in abstraction (Z = -2.296, p = 0.022) and delayed recall (Z = -3.436, p = 0.026). Serum BDNF levels also increased significantly after the intervention (from 5.46 ± 6.16 to 7.63 ± 10.16; p = 0.033), while no significant changes were observed in the control group.Conclusion: Balinese flute playing enhances cognitive function, especially abstraction and memory recall, and increases serum BDNF, supporting its role as a non-pharmacological strategy to promote cognitive health in the elderly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".