Applicability of smooth particle hydrodynamics method to large sliding deformation of saturated slopes under earthquake action
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The failure of a saturated slope under an intense earthquake ground motion will produce large sliding deformation, which is difficult to analyze using the finite element method. However, the smooth particle hydrodynamics method (SPH method) can deal with large deformation easily. In this study, to develop a new numerical method for calculating the seismic sliding large deformation of saturated slopes, the motion equation for the SPH method is improved by (1) introducing the Rayleigh damping into the smooth particle hydrodynamics and (2) adopting the effective stress constitutive model. To evaluate the effectiveness of the new method at soil element levels, the effective stress path and shear stress-strain hysteresis curve are obtained through the hollow cylindrical torsional shear tests on saturated soil samples, and are compared with the simulated results. The consistent results are obtained to verify the feasibility of the improved method. Finally, the seismic sliding behavior of saturated slopes under different SPH particle densities is analyzed by using the established numerical method and compared with that by the Newmark's sliding block method. It is found that the key parameter of the improved method is the particle density and that the shape of seismic sliding critical surface of saturated slopes determined by the improved SPH method is in good agreement with that of logarithmic spiral slip surface determined by the Newmark's method. Therefore, the improved SPH method can also be used to simulate a large sliding deformation process of saturated slopes under seismic actions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".