Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated first-year university students who expressed interest in English-language study programs, examining their perceptions of four English-learning options: three overseas (University of Alberta, University of Hawai ‘i, and Lapulapu-Cebu International College) and one domestic option (ShiriBeshi Glocal Internship). We examined whether presenting domestic and overseas options affects students’ perceptions of English-learning opportunities, how cost and duration relate to program preference, and whether key decisionmaking factors remain stable. Results showed that including a domestic experiential-learning program diversified students’ views of English-learning opportunities, with notable interest despite its non-traditional format. Although students reported clear cost limitations, high-cost overseas destinations remained popular, indicating the influence of non-economic factors such as perceived safety and institutional reputation. Core considerations–cost, safety, and accommodation–were consistent with the previous year, while socially embedded learning experiences remained valued. Overall, student preferences are shaped by practical concerns but are gradually diversifying as program options expand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".