Blacksmith Plover Vanellus Armatus on Prince Edward Island, Southern Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During an ornithological survey of Prince Edward Island (46ø38'S 37ø45'E) (Crawford et al. in prep.), we encountered an adult Blacksmith Plover Vanellus arrnatus on 19 December 2001 in Albatross Valley (Figs 1 and 2).It was first heard calling and foraging among short grass, but took flight on our approach when it was harassed by Subantarctic Skuas Catheracta antarctica.It was therefore unexpected when we encountered what must have been the same bird again two days later at R.S.A. Point, about I km distant from the place where it was first seen.Prince Edward Island, along with the nearby Marion Island, is c. 1,800 km from the closest point on the African continent, Port Elizabeth (Fig. 1).This is the first record of Blacksmith Plover for the Prince Edward Island group (Newton et al. 1983, B.M. Dyer in litt.), and the third record for southern hemisphere islands in the African sector of the Atlantic, Indian and Southern Oceans.An immature was seen on Europa Island, in the southern Mozambique Channel (Fig. 1), from 27 to 29 May 1994 (Le Corre & Probst 1997).Europa Island is 530 km from continental Africa.Another, age not specified, was recorded on Possession Island in the Crozet Archipelago from 22 August to 3 November 1982 (Stahl et al. 1984).Blacksmith Plovers occur in sub-Saharan Africa south of a line between Kenya and Angola (del Hoyo et al. 1996).During the first half of the 20th century, the range expanded southwestwards by about 1,000 km towards the Western Cape (Ward et al. 1997).The farthest known movement of a tinged bird is 131 km (Underhill et al. 1999), but this does not reflect the extent to which Blacksmith Plovers normally move because they exploit ephemeral habitats.Their preferred habitat is moist, short grassland and mudflats on the edges of waterbodies; the availability of this habitat is seasonal and rainfall-dependent, especially in the middle of its range.In Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, Tree (1980, 1998) and Ward et al. (1997) showed that numbers of Blacksmith Plovers fluctuate widely according to habitat availabilß Ascension Island ß
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".