Emotional Consensus Matters: Impact on Toddlers’ Visual Exploration Behaviors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emotional feedback plays a critical role in guiding early behaviors, yet relatively little is known about how toddlers integrate emotions from multiple informants. The present study investigated how the consistency of emotional feedback influenced toddlers’ visual exploration of novel objects. A total of 74 toddlers (12–24 months) viewed videos of eight adult informants displaying happy, sad, or neutral emotions toward unfamiliar objects. In Experiment 1, toddlers who received consistently sad feedback demonstrated reduced exploration. In Experiment 2, toddlers exposed to inconsistent emotional cues (e.g., 50% happy and 50% sad) exhibited greater exploration compared with those presented with consistent feedback. These findings suggested that toddlers’ visual exploratory behaviors were shaped not only by the valence of emotional signals but also by the degree to which these signals were consistent. In particular, a mixture of emotional feedback may enhance toddlers’ engagement with novel objects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.039 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".