Study of hydraulic conductivity of a basalt residual soil using the guelph permeometer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydraulic conductivity or permeability coefficient is a soil hydraulic parameter that represents the ease or difficulty that a fluid percolates through soil. This parameter can be determined from in situ and laboratory methods for both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The main objective of this work is to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a basalt residual soil in the field using the Guelph permeameter from the methods of one and two hydraulic load heights. The tests were conducted in boreholes 45 cm deep and 6 cm in diameter for 6 different locations and altimetric quotas located in the municipality of Apucarana, Paraná State. The soil collected from each borehole was also tested for particle size, liquidity limit, and plasticity limit. The results of the permeability tests showed that the field saturated hydraulic conductivity values are on the order of 10-5 cm/s, which can be associated with soils with a very low degree of permeability and corresponding to the soil type of fine silty and clayey sands as well as clayey silts. The results of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity showed values equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity for the method with one loading height, while for the method with two loading heights, some values had to be discarded because they were negative. The results for the sedimentation test were not consistent with those expected, which, certainly because the mixture (soil, distilled water and deflocculant) was not completely homogeneous, were disregarded. The fine sieving tests indicated that the granulometry of the soil samples has at least 95% clay, silt and a portion of fine sand, while the values of liquidity limit and plasticity limit varied from 44% to 65% and 33% to 47%, respectively. The results of the hydraulic conductivity of this work when compared with the values found in the technical scientific literature of the Apucarana region, have a variation on the order of 10-2 cm/s. In view of the results of hydraulic conductivity, it was concluded that it was not possible to make an expected association of the ground elevation with the results of permeability, possibly because the soil is no longer in its natural condition. Furthermore, the values found both in the joint granulometric analysis and in the permeability are consistent with values from research conducted in regions close to the study area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".