Bibliographic record
Abstract
English holly (Ilex aquifolium) is an invasive species found in parts of southwest Vancouver Island, where it thrives in moderately moist mesic soils. I. aquifolium seems to create “deadzones,” areas underneath the canopy where little to no vegetation grows. To explore the presence and potential causes of these deadzones, we investigated whether I. aquifolium canopies alter plant communities and soil chemistry properties in the invaded range on southern Vancouver Island. Soil and plant indicators were surveyed in Matheson Lake Regional Park and Metchosin Wilderness Park in the District of Metchosin beneath living I. aquifolium trees (n=5), treated trees (n=5), and controls (n=20). Plant surveys were used to assess the presence of these dead zones in the region, and soil surveys measuring key indicators such as soil organic carbon (SOC), and decomposition rates explored potential below-ground changes under I. aquifolium that might drive these zones. Findings show 16.5% to 20.8% less plant species richness under I. aquifolium canopies compared to controls and treated sites respectively. There was 9.65% to 17.25% less plant cover under living I. aquifolium trees compared to control and treated sites respectively. Decomposition rates in soil under living sites were 13.86% slower compared to treated sites and 7.26% slower to controls. SOC from living sites was higher compared to controls. Reduced decomposition rates under living and treated I. aquifolium may be one explanation for the formation of deadzones. Regional projections show a 0.2% cover of I. aquifolium could reach 50%+ cover after 35 years due to exponential growth patterns. I. aquifolium threatens soil health and biodiversity and could be considered a high priority invasive species, particularly in areas of new occurrence.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".