Adipose and hepatic aquaglyceroporins in energy metabolism: physio-pathology and translational relevance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycerol is an important intermediate in energy metabolism, being a key substrate for de novo synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) during fasting and direct source of glycerol-3-phosphate for triglycerides synthesis (lipogenesis). Aquaglyceroporins (AQP3, AQP7, AQP9 and AQP10) are a group of aquaporin membrane channels that facilitate the movement of glycerol and some other neutral solutes in addition to water into or out of cells. Adipose tissue is a major source of glycerol released by adipocyte through AQP7 and AQP3. Through the bloodstream, lipolytic glycerol flows to the liver where it is imported by hepatocytes mostly by means of AQP9. The functional significance of AQP10 in fat tissue and liver is still debated. Although with distinctions between rodents and human, adipocyte and hepatocyte aquaglyceroporins are controlled by insulin and leptin via the PI3K/Akt/ mTOR signaling cascade. Negative regulation is exerted by estrogens on fat and hepatic aquaglyceroporins likely explaining the sexual dimorphism that characterizes these AQPs in energy homeostasis. Adipose and liver AQP7 and AQP9 have been shown to play roles in energy balance disorders. AQP7 deficiency has been linked to abnormal triglycerides accumulation in fat tissue and adult onset of obesity and dysregulated expression of hepatic AQP9 is seen in animal models and patients with diabetes, obesity and/or fatty liver disease. Hepatocyte AQP9 is involved in the lipid-lowering activity exerted by the nutraceutical silybin through modulation of autophagy. Potent and isoform-specific blockers of AQP3, AQP7 and AQP9 are available and preclinical work is going on to investigate their relevance as drug targets in energy dyshomeostasis and other clinical disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".