THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SUB-NATIONAL ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REGULATIONS: LESSONS FROM THE CANADA-EU CETA (Paper delivered at the 6th SIEL/PEPA Conference, Tilburg, Netherlands, 20-21 April 2017).
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are divergent opinions regarding the new wave of mega-regional economic agreements sweeping the world. In a positive sense, recent mega-regional agreements such as the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) are arguably trailblazers in regional economic integration, much like NAFTA was more than two decades ago. Criticisms have, however, been levelled against these agreements. Notably, there is a perceived lack of accountability/transparency during the negotiation of these deals, and uncertainty about their potential economic benefits relative to the problems. Moreover, because of the broad scope and far-reaching effects of these mega-regional economic agreements, sub-national and non-state actors (especially civil societies) around the world are becoming increasingly concerned about their impact on critical aspects of their respective home economies. These concerns are clearly more heightened from the perspective of sub-national actors in federal systems. This is mainly because federal systems by their very nature have a delicate power balance, which is being tested by the ever-increasing encroachment of international economic disciplines into the jurisdictional competence and interests of sub-national governments. With respect to CETA, after over 7 years of painstaking negotiations, Wallonia, a sub-national region in Belgium, almost derailed the entire process when it opposed the national ratification of CETA. This recent development brings to the fore the growing significance of sub-national actors as involved actors in world economic governance. Using the CETA as a case study, this paper aims to assess the nature, scope, and implications of shifting forms of cooperation observable in the design of newly styled Free Trade Agreements emerging in the world trade and investment system. This paper will critically evaluate how differences in the legal frameworks and institutional designs for international economic relations in Canada and the EU, respectively, have affected the outcome of CETA. The analysis will also focus on the different strategies adopted by Canada and the EU to engage their sub-national governments in the CETA negotiation process, and on their implications for future mega-regional trade agreements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.030 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".