An evaluation of radiographic screening for tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada /
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. Foreign-born persons applying for permanent residence in Canada must undergo radiographic screening for tuberculosis (TB). As a screening tool for TB, however, the chest x-ray has a number of limitations. Objectives. To evaluate the reliability of chest radiographic screening as well as its ability to detect prevalent active TB and predict future incident disease in immigrants to Canada. Methods. Immigration screening x-rays were categorized by 12 physicians experienced in TB; observer agreement was calculated using the kappa coefficient. The prevalence and incidence of active TB diagnosed among applications screened at the Montreal Chest Institute between 1995 and 1998 was measured. Results. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was fair to moderate. Among 36,433 applicants screened, 53 prevalent cases were detected (0.145%) and 19 incident cases were reported post-screening (25.7 per 100,000 person-years). Conclusion. Radiographic screening successfully detects immigrants with active TB but is limited in preventing future incident cases. Observer agreement needs to be improved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".