Stereotypic behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Observations of stereotypic engagement after receiving early intervention
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stereotypy is one type of repetitive behavior observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers have found that engaging in stereotypic behaviors can impede opportunities for socialization and skill development (Ashburner et al., 2008; Cunningham & Schreibman, 2008), and can inadvertently cause stress and stigma for families (Farrrugia, 2014; Guralnick, 2005). Luckily, early intervention (EI) has been found to improve certain ASD symptomology, such as deficits in communication and socialization (Cohen et al., 2006; Howard et al., 2005; Lovaas, 1987; Makrygianni & Reed, 2010; Peters-Scheffer et al., 2011). Yet, only five publications to date have examined the effectiveness of EI (specifically early intensive behavioral intervention; EIBI) on stereotypic behaviors and although reductions have been noted, results have been overwhelming mixed (Ben-Itzchak & Zachor, 2007; Dawson et al., 2010; MacDonald et al., 2014; McGarrell et al., 2009; O'Connor & Healy, 2009). The present study aimed to contribute to the small body of literature in an effort to provide some insight into, if and, to what extent stereotypic engagement changes after EI. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent within-group design was conducted with a sample of children (N=20) with ASD, receiving either EIBI or a combination of the Carolina Curriculum and TEACCH models from EI centers in Montreal. A socio-demographic questionnaire and video recordings were administered at two time periods, at baseline and post-intervention, and data was collected on seven different forms of stereotypy. Results showed positive behavioral outcomes at post- intervention. Compared to baseline, two participants completely eliminated their stereotypy and 15 participants showed a 1% to 41% reduction in their engagement, regardless of the type of intervention received. EIBI group means specifically reduced from 24.7% at baseline to 17.7% at post-intervention. Participants who received less than one year or more than two years of EI were found to show the most reductions, both in terms of changes in the frequency and diversity of stereotypic engagement. Results are expected to contribute to the existing research literature and inform educators and service providers in the field early intervention. Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, stereotypy, early intervention, child outcomes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".