Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climatic loads (wind speed and ice accumulation) are the main factors that govern the planning and design of telecommunication towers and electric transmission lines. Whilst wind loads are covered comprehensively in the literature and in design standards, ice loads and rules for combination of wind speed on ice-covered-structures are still in development. The main difficulty in achieving a design that meets a target reliability level as specified in design codes is the uncertainty in the temporal and spatial variation of ice accretion. Due to the lack of sufficient direct field measurements, empirical models are usually utilized in combination with meteorological data to estimate the intensity of ice accumulation at specific locations. A unique database of direct measurements on ice accumulation is available in Quebec. More than 20 years of observations from a network of 180 Passive Ice Meters (PIM) are available throughout the province. The objective of this study is to analyze this data set in order to improve existing regional design criteria and for better understanding of the atmospheric icing phenomena in Quebec. The research is limited to the study of glaze ice, which occurs in conjunction with freezing precipitation. Firstly, several extreme-value statistical models are investigated to determine the best one or ones for describing the intensity of glaze ice accumulation. In order to increase the sample size, an event-based model, in which every icing event is counted as an independent event, is adopted. Twelve probability distribution functions are examined. The distributions are compared on the basis of the overall fit to the data and the sampling characteristics of the right tail of the distributions. No single distribution fits the data perfectly at all stations. However, the three-parameter distributions, and in particular, the Pearson type III, Generalized Pareto, Generalized Normal, and Generalized Extreme-Value distributions are the best on average. The commonly used Gumbel distribution is consistently outperformed by the three-parameter distributions. Secondly, a reliability-based procedure is proposed for the analysis of the combined wind and ice loads and in particular for associated pressure on overhead transmission lines. Finally, a procedure for the spatial interpolation of design criteria is investigated. Spatial interpolations of the design ice thickness for a 50-years return period is performed using Kriging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".