Drusen classification and quantification in eye bank eyes of cataract patients previously implanted with intraocular lenses with or without blue-light filtration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that causes central vision loss and is the leading cause of blindness in the western world. A hallmark of AMD is the presence of large, soft drusen in the macular region of the retina. Drusen are lipoproteinaceous deposits found between the basal lamina of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane. Although the pathogenesis of AMD is unclear, growing evidence suggests a link between drusen formation and photo-oxidative stress caused by short-wavelength blue light (BL). As such, this project aims to investigate the effect of BL-filtering intraocular lenses (IOL) on drusen formation in post-mortem eyes via histopathological analysis.Methods: 193 post-mortem pseudophakic human eyes (100 with a UV-filtering, clear IOL [cIOL] and 93 with a UV+BL-filtering, yellow IOL [yIOL]) were obtained from the Lions Gift of Sight eye bank and examined at the MUHC-McGill Ocular Pathology and Translational Research Laboratory. Clinical data was collected for each eye and included sex, age at the time of cataract surgery (age-at-surgery), age-at-death, time between cataract surgery and death (surgery-to-death time), implanted IOL model, and clinical history (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, glaucoma, cancer, AMD, and cardiovascular disease). Eyes were sectioned on their coronal and sagittal axes, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded macular cross sections were obtained. The sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and scanned with the Zeiss Axio Scan.Z1 scanner. Drusen were classified by type, size or subtype, and quantity. Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation) and OriginPro® 9 (OriginLab Corporation).Results: Large, soft drusen were present in 49% (n=95) of eyes, while 9% (n=17) had cuticular drusen, 16% (n=30) had hard drusen, and 26% (n=51) had no drusen. There were significantly more cIOL eyes (n=62) with large, soft drusen than yIOL eyes (n=33, p<0.001), and significantly more yIOL eyes (n=38) with no drusen than cIOL eyes (n=13, p<0.0001). No significant differences in the presence of hard or cuticular drusen were found. yIOL eyes had significantly higher mean age-at-surgery (76.5 vs. 72.2 years, p<0.001) and mean age-at-death (82.4 vs. 79.6 years, p<0.05) than cIOL eyes, and cIOL eyes had a significantly higher mean surgery-to-death time (6.96 vs. 5.41 years, p<0.05) than yIOL eyes. There were also significantly more yIOL eyes with a history of smoking (p<0.01) and hypertension (p<0.05), and significantly more cIOL eyes with a history of glaucoma (p<0.05).Conclusion: Large, soft drusen were significantly less prevalent in yIOL eyes than in cIOL eyes and significantly more yIOL eyes had an absence of drusen. These findings suggest that yIOLs may prevent the incidence and development of AMD post cataract surgery
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".