Susceptibility to tetanus and diphtheria in recently arrived adult immigrants and refugees to Montreal, Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Adult immigrants may have been under-immunized in their countries of origin. We estimated the seroprevalence and examined risk factors for susceptibility to diphtheria and tetanus. Methods: 1480 newly-arrived adult immigrants were recruited in Montreal, 2002-2004. We collected socio-demographic information and vaccination history, and measured serum antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria by EIA to identify susceptibility, defined as ≤0.15 IU/ml and ≤0.10 IU/ml, respectively. Results: 45% (95% CI, 42%-48%) of immigrants, mean age 31 +/- 8.6 years, lacked immunity to either tetanus or diphtheria, ranging by region of origin (23%-79%). 32% (95% CI, 30%-34%) were susceptible to tetanus and susceptibility increased with age. Susceptibility to diphtheria was less prevalent [26% (95% CI, 24%-28%)] and decreased with age. Conclusions: Many adult immigrants would benefit from diphtheria/tetanus vaccine. Susceptibility to tetanus suggests under-vaccination, while decreasing susceptibility to diphtheria with age suggests that immunity has been boosted from ongoing transmission in some countries of origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".