Green nanotechnology approach for synthesis and encapsulation of gold nanoparticles from agricultural waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers in nanotechnology are turning towards "Nature" to provide inspiration to develop novel innovative methods for nanoparticle synthesis. Currently used chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis use toxic chemicals in their synthesis protocols. The toxic residues from these nanoparticles make them unsafe for food related applications. There is a need to develop nanoparticles using greener alternatives. Another challenging question that needs to be addressed is agricultural waste management. Merging these two problems led to the concept of creating wealth out of waste. Agricultural waste materials such as grape seeds, skin, stalk and organic waste generated during the Canadian fall season due to the fall of maple leaves and pine needles were used in this study to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The main goal of this study is to synthesize gold nanoparticles without using toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocol making them suitable for drug/functional food delivery systems. A green nanotechnology approach was followed by using water as the solvent throughout the study. This value addition to agricultural waste has led to the yield of high value and ecofriendly gold nanoparticles. From the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of gold nanoparticles produced using grape seeds (GSE), skin (GSK), stalk (GST) and pine needle extract, nearly spherically- shaped AuNP about 20 - 25 nm in diameter were observed. Whereas the gold nanoparticles produced using maple leaf extract produced triangular prisms. This is the first study stating the use of maple leaf extracts to potentially synthesize gold nanoparticles. As the plant matrix is a highly complex system, catechin, a polyphenolic compound present in grape seed, skin, and stalk, and in pine needles, was selected for further investigation. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using different combinations of catechin (CAT), tannic acid (TAE), 1:1 CAT: TAE, 1:4 CAT: TAE. TEM images showed that gold nanoparticles synthesized using catechin were quasi-spherical in shape with 40 – 50 nm in size. All the gold nanoparticles produced by green synthesis method in this study were hydrophilic in nature.In order to make hybrid organic-inorganic carriers for drug delivery systems, AuNP synthesized using catechin was encapsulated in maltodextrin and beta-cyclodextrin complexes. The method adopted for encapsulation of AuNP into maltodextrin followed a top-down approach. The complex formation of AuNP into beta-cyclodextrin followed a bottom-up approach. Three different encapsulation methods such as microwave assisted encapsulation, freeze drying encapsulation and simple inclusion encapsulation for maltodextrin and molecular inclusion encapsulation for beta-cyclodextrin were studied for encapsulation of AuNP. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the AuNP encapsulated powder showed interesting morphology when comparing microwave assisted encapsulation to freeze drying encapsulation in both maltodextrin and beta-cyclodextrin. It was found from this study that organic-inorganic hybrid carriers can be developed using water following a green nanotechnology approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".