Trace element concentrations in the water column of the Canadian Arctic Ocean measured from the CCGS Amundsen in 2009, 2019, 2021, 2022 and 2024
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trace metals in the ocean, including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V), may act as micronutrients or toxins to marine phytoplankton and thereby directly impact primary productivity. In the western Canadian Arctic, the chemical composition of Pacific- and Atlantic-derived waters are modified during transport over the Mackenzie shelf and through the Northwest Passage. Remineralization in sediments on the Chukchi shelf enriches the concentrations of dissolved Cd and Zn – a signature that can be detected in open waters of the Beaufort Sea as well as the Amundsen Gulf. Over the Mackenzie shelf, sediment resuspension acts as a source of Fe and Pb, and the Mackenzie River plume additionally provides high concentrations of most trace metals; however, this does not translate to effective trace metal transport to the Beaufort Sea’s interior. Through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), other sources including small rivers, sea ice, and snow are found to supply trace metals to surface waters, further modifying trace metal concentrations as water is transported eastward. Waters entering the eastern Canadian Arctic via Nares Strait and Parry Channel are found to retain the Chukchi shelf signature of Zn, Cd, and Ni, while these enhanced concentrations dissipate over shallow passages prior to entering Baffin Bay. Other trace metal sources in this eastern corridor include glacial meltwater, particularly in Nares Strait and the North Water Polynya immediately south of this passage, while sea ice melt and meteoric water runoff are found to have less significance relative to the western CAA. Estimates of trace metal flux indicate greatest transport of trace metals into Baffin Bay from Nares Strait, followed by the West Greenland Current in eastern Davis Strait, and finally Lancaster Sound. Flux estimates through Davis Strait indicate the Canadian Arctic is a source of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ba and V to the Atlantic, while Fe export via the Baffin Current is equivalent to Fe import via the West Greenland Current.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".