Hydro-Geophysical Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Vulnerability of the Turonian Makurdi Formation in North Bank area, Makurdi, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out in North Bank and its environs in Makurdi, Benue State, with a view to determining the depth to aquifer, aquifer thickmess, groundwater potential of the area and aquifer vulnerability. Twenty-one (21) Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out using the Schlumberger electrode array with the aid of ABEM Terrameter (SAS 3000C) with maximum electrode spacing of 200m. The VES data obtained were interpreted using partial curve matching approach and modelled using WinResist software. Modelled field curves reveal essentially three to four geo-elcetrical layers and two main aquiferous zones corresponding to the upper silty-sandstone and lower medium to coarse grained felspathic sandstones of the Makurdi Formation. The upper silty-sandstone aquifer is characterized by low to moderate resistivity value distribution (37 - 2039 ohm-m) with layer thickness in the range of 3m to 15m. Computed hydraulic and geo-electric characteristics (Zarrouk parameters, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) depicts it as unconfined, vulnerable to infiltrating surface 2 -1 2 -1 contaminants, with low groundwater potential (0.63 m day < T 199.65 m day ) and only suitable for small community water supply projects and private consumption. The lower felspathic sandstone aquifer is characterized by relatively thicker sequence of aquiferous materials (3m – 54m). The aquiferous zone is generally unconfined to 2 -1 2 -1 semi-confined in nature, with groundwater potential (30.96 m day < T ≤ 542.73 m day ) seen to be largely moderate. The aquifer is deemed suitable for industrial, irrigational and municipal water supply purposes
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".