The Company of Merchants Trading to Spain And Portugal (1577-1640)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Union of Spain and Portugal—Philip II. and the English in Portugal—Influence of commercial interests makes for peace, and of colonial interests for war—Expedition of 1589—Renewed disputes about African trade—Trade with the East Indies — Treaty of 1604 — It ignores colonial trade—Effect of treaty on home trade—Revival of the Company of Merchants trading to Spain and Portugal—Its previous charters (1530 and 1577) and history — Relative positions of London and provinces in Company—Exclusion of retail traders—Quarrel with Chester (1579 et seq. )—Effect of union of Spain and Portugal upon the Company — Trade during war — Commercial stipulations in Treaty of 1604—Grievances of English in Spain and Portugal—Renewal of the Charter of the Spanish Company, 1605 — Petitions for and against it — Nullifying Act of 1606—Movements for renewal of Company—Rivalry of mere merchants and manufacturers — Decay of trade — English traders as intermediaries between Portugal and the Eastland cities — Piracy — Cloth trade — Newfoundland fish trade—Decay of Portuguese spice trade—Rise of Brazil trade (sugar and tobacco)—Difference of Anglo-Portuguese relations in 1580 and 1640.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".