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Record W7165437665

New generation of high performance aluminum electrical conductors for elevated temperature applications

2025· other· en· W7165437665 on OpenAlexfundaboutno aff
Quan Shao

Bibliographic record

VenueConstellation (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi) · 2025
Typeother
Languageen
Field
Topic
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaUniversité du Québec à Chicoutimi
KeywordsConductorAluminiumElectrical conductorThermal conductivityThermal stabilityPrecipitationThermalElectrical resistivity and conductivity
DOInot available

Abstract

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The increasing demand for electricity and the expansion of industrial activities necessitate the development of advanced conductor alloys with superior mechanical and thermal properties. In Canada, over 166,000 kilometers of overhead transmission lines, many passing through forested regions, are vulnerable due to the low strength and poor thermal resistance of conventional aluminum conductor alloys, leading to risks such as power failures and forest fires. While Al-Mg-Si 6xxx alloys are commonly used for aluminum conductor alloys, their limited thermal resistance (below 100 °C) restricts their performance under elevated temperatures. In contrast, Al-Zr-Sc alloys offer enhanced strength and thermal stability through the formation of coherent L1₂-Al₃(Sc,Zr) nanoparticles, enabling operation at much higher temperatures (180–310 °C). This study aims to explore a new generation of thermally stable aluminum conductor alloys that combine high electrical conductivity with excellent mechanical and thermal performance. It is presented in three parts as outlined below. In the first part, thermal-resistant Al-Zr based conductor alloys were developed using microalloying with a low level of Sc (≤ 0.10 wt.%) and two thermomechanical processing routes, in which the cold wire drawing was conducted before and after the aging treatment. The mechanical properties, electrical conductivities, and thermal-resistant properties of several alloys were investigated and evaluated according to the IEC standard of thermal-resistant aluminium conductors. The evolutions of the precipitates and grain structure during processing were also studied. The microalloying with Sc resulted in the precipitation of a large number of fine Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates, which provided substantially high strength of 188-209 MPa, representing 73-88% improvement compared to the Sc-free base alloy, while maintaining excellent electrical conductivity of 57.4-59.9% IACS. Moreover, the Sc-containing alloys exhibited outstanding thermal-resistant properties, where the maximum strength reduction was limited to ≤ 6.0% after thermal exposures at 310 and 400 ⁰C. The best combinations of mechanical properties and electrical conductivities of the Sc-containing alloys were obtained after aging at 350 ⁰C for 48 h, following solutionizing at 600 ⁰C for 8 h. Both processing routes yielded comparable precipitation strengthening and strain hardening, and consequently comparable mechanical and electrical properties, where the maximum differences in the strength and electrical conductivity between both routes were 12 MPa and 1.4% IACS, respectively. The excellent combinations of mechanical, electrical, and thermal-resistant properties made the developed alloys promising candidate materials for four standard grades of thermal-resistant aluminium conductors, while taking advantage of an affordable material cost and using conventional thermomechanical processes. In the second part, four Al-Zr-Sc conductor alloys with 0.1–0.18 wt.% Zr and 0.1– 0.15 wt.% Sc were processed through casting, hot rolling, heat treatments, and cold wire drawing. The mechanical properties and electrical conductivities of the alloy wires were evaluated, and the microstructures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscattering diffraction techniques. The thermal stabilities of these alloys were systematically assessed during thermal exposures at 310, 350, and 400 °C for up to 1000 h. The ultimate tensile strengths (UTSs) of four Al-Zr-Sc alloy wires reached 206–214 MPa, while the electrical conductivities were 57%–57.5% IACS. All four alloy wires were strengthened by a large number of Al3(Sc,Zr) nanoprecipitates. With the increase in Zr or Sc content, the UTS only slightly increased, which shows a low impact of the Zr and Sc levels on the tensile strength and electrical conductivity. Notably, remarkable reduction in tensile strength and change in the deformed grain structure were not observed for the four alloy wires during thermal exposure at 310 °C for up to 1000 h. After thermal exposure at 350 °C for 200 h, all four wires still exhibited excellent thermal stabilities. With prolonged exposures at 350 and 400 °C, the alloy wires became unstable. The high-Zr-content Al-0.18Zr-0.1Sc and Al-0.18Zr-0.15Sc alloys exhibited better thermal stabilities after long-term thermal exposures at 350 and 400 °C. This study on the thermal stability of Al-Zr-Sc conductor alloys under extreme conditions provides a valuable reference for industrial applications of thermally resistant Al conductor wires. In the third part, trace additions of Sn (0.05, 0.15 wt.%) and Sr (0.006, 0.013 wt.%) were introduced into Al–Zr–Sc alloys to investigate their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. Two-step aging parameters were optimized separately for Sn- and Sr-containing alloys based on the evolution of microhardness and electrical conductivity under various aging conditions. In the Sn15 alloy, two-step aging enhanced microhardness and electrical conductivity to 78.3 HV and 58.3% IACS, compared to 74.2 HV and 57.5% IACS after traditional aging. Similarly, the Sr13 alloy exhibited improved properties with 83.2 HV and 58.0% IACS after two-step aging, versus 78.3 HV and 57.5% IACS using traditional aging. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the Sn15 alloy increased from 205.9 MPa after traditional aging to 215.9 MPa following two-step aging, while the Sr13 alloy showed an increase from 214.9 MPa to 226.5 MPa under the same conditions. These improvements, 0.8% IACS, 5.5 HV, and 10.7 MPa for Sn15; 0.7% IACS, 5.2 HV, and 10.9 MPa for Sr13, are primarily attributed to a higher number density of fine strengthening Al₃(Sc,Zr) precipitates. Early-stage Al₃(Sc,Zr) precipitates were observed in the Sn15 alloy after aging at 300 °C for 4 h. In Sr-containing alloys, enhanced strengthening was also associated with increased dislocation resistance due to the presence of stacking faults. The trace addition of Sn or Sr combined with two-step aging offers a cost-effective strategy for developing the next generation of thermally stable, high-performance conductor alloys. La demande croissante en électricité et l’expansion des activités industrielles nécessitent le développement de nouveaux alliages conducteurs d’aluminium dotés de propriétés mécaniques et thermiques supérieures. Au Canada, plus de 166 000 kilomètres de lignes de transmission aériennes, dont une grande partie traverse des zones forestières, présentent une vulnérabilité importante en raison de la faible résistance mécanique et thermique des alliages conventionnels d’aluminium, augmentant les risques de pannes de courant et d’incendies de forêt. Bien que les alliages Al-Mg-Si de la série 6xxx soient couramment utilisés pour les conducteurs en aluminium, leur faible résistance thermique (inférieure à 100 °C) limite leur performance à haute température. En revanche, les alliages Al-Zr-Sc offrent une meilleure résistance mécanique et une grande stabilitéthermique grâce à la formation de nanoparticules cohérentes Al₃(Sc,Zr) de structure L1₂, permettant une utilisation àdes températures bien plus élevées (180 à310 °C). Cette étude vise àdévelopper une nouvelle génération d’alliages conducteurs en aluminium thermiquement stables, combinant une conductivité électrique élevée avec d’excellentes performances mécaniques et thermiques. Elle est structurée en trois parties comme suit. Dans la première partie, des alliages conducteurs à base d’Al-Zr résistants àla chaleur ont été développés par microalliage avec une faible teneur en Sc (≤ 0,10 % en poids) et deux voies de traitement thermomécanique, dans lesquelles le tréfilage àfroid a étéréaliséavant ou après le traitement de vieillissement. Les propriétés mécaniques, la conductivitéélectrique et la résistance thermique de plusieurs alliages ont étéévaluées selon la norme CEI relative aux conducteurs en aluminium résistants à la chaleur. L’évolution des précipités et de la structure des grains au cours du traitement a également été étudiée. L’ajout de Sc a conduit à la précipitation d’un grand nombre de particules fines Al₃(Sc,Zr), procurant une résistance élevée de 188 à209 MPa, soit une amélioration de 73 à 88 % par rapport à l’alliage de base sans Sc, tout en maintenant une excellente conductivitéélectrique de 57,4 à59,9 % IACS. De plus, les alliages contenant du Sc ont présentéune excellente résistance thermique, la perte maximale de résistance étant limitée à ≤ 6,0 % après exposition thermique à 310 et 400 °C. Les meilleures combinaisons de propriétés mécaniques et de conductivité ont été obtenues après un vieillissement à 350 °C pendant 48 h, précédé d’un traitement de solution à 600 °C pendant 8 h. Les deux voies de traitement ont montré des renforcements comparables par précipitation et écrouissage, conduisant à des propriétés mécaniques et électriques similaires, avec des écarts maximaux de 12 MPa en résistance et de 1,4 % IACS en conductivité. L’excellent compromis entre propriétés mécaniques, électriques et thermiques fait de ces alliages de nouveaux candidats prometteurs pour la fabrication de conducteurs en aluminium thermorésistants conformes àplusieurs grades normalisés, tout en conservant un coût abordable et des procédés industriels classiques. Dans la deuxième partie, quatre alliages conducteurs Al-Zr-Sc contenant entre 0,1 et 0,18 % Zr et entre 0,1 et 0,15 % Sc ont été élaborés par coulage, laminage à chaud, traitements thermiques et tréfilage àfroid. Les propriétés mécaniques et la conductivitédes fils ont étémesurées, et la microstructure a étécaractérisée par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), microscopie électronique en transmission (MET) et diffraction d’électrons rétrodiffusés (EBSD). La stabilitéthermique de ces alliages a étéévaluée systématiquement après exposition à 310, 350 et 400 °C pendant jusqu’à 1000 h. Les résistances à la

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.001
Threshold uncertainty score0.002

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.011
GPT teacher head0.201
Teacher spread0.190 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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Same venueConstellation (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi)→French-language works237,207→