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Record W7165666450 · doi:10.18192/politika.8317

L'ascension des sociétés militaires privées en Irak

2025· article· W7165666450 on OpenAlex
Enguérand Bailleul

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenuePolitika – Undergraduate Journal of International Affairs Politics and Policy · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicMilitary and Defense Studies
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Ottawa
Fundersnot available
KeywordsContext (archaeology)PrisonState of emergencyCyber crime

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

L'essor des sociétés militaires privées (SMP) a profondément influencé la guerre en irak menée par les états-unis à partir de 2003. face à des enjeux budgétaires et à la complexité des conflits asymétriques, l'armée américaine a largement externalisé certaines missions militaires et logistiques à ces entreprises, qui ont rapidement pris une place centrale dans les opérations. cependant, leur intervention a soulevé de nombreuses controverses, notamment en raison de leur implication dans des scandales, comme la tuerie de nissour square ou les abus à la prison d'abu ghraib. ces événements ont terni la légitimité de l'intervention américaine et exacerbé le sentiment anti-américain en irak. de plus, la dépendance aux smp a compliqué la reconstruction du pays, favorisant des intérêts économiques au détriment de la stabilité politique. enfin, l'absence de cadre juridique clair et le manque de contrôle ont entraîné une impunité préoccupante pour ces entreprises, posant un défi majeur pour l'avenir des conflits armés et la régulation de ces acteurs privés.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.695
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.003
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.021
GPT teacher head0.365
Teacher spread0.344 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it