Bicycle helmet use in British Columbia : effects of the helmet use law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bicycling is a popular activity in British Columbia. Unfortunately, each year a number of bicyclists are killed in collisions and many more are injured. A large majority of bicycling deaths and disabling injuries result from head injury. A number of studies indicate that properly worn bicycle helmets are highly effective in preventing, or reducing the seriousness of, head injury. Of nearly 2000 British Columbia bicyclists injured in a collision with a motor vehicle in 1995, only 25.8% were wearing a helmet at the time. To address the problem is low helmet wearing rates among bicyclists, in 1996 British Columbia became the first Canadian province to enact a law mandating helmet use by bicyclists of all ages when riding on a public roadway. This study describes the results of two surveys conducted of helmet use in British Columbia. The first survey was done prior to the helmet use law (pre-law helmet use in British Columbia), and the second survey was conducted subsequent to the passage of the law (post-law helmet use survey), in 1999.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".