Late Holocene history of Squamish River north of Brackendale, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laminated silt, organic-rich silt, and peat exposed in the banks of Squamish River north of Brackendale, British Columbia, provide evidence for a lake impounded behind Cheekye Fan during the late Holocene. The lake gradually filled with sediment as Squamish River advanced its delta and floodplain southward toward the fan. Radiocarbon ages on detrital and growth-position plant fossils provide evidence that the lake reached up to 9 km upstream of Cheekye Fan about 3400 years ago and persisted until about 2300 years ago. Geomorphic observations and the distribution of fine-grained facies indicate that both Cheakamus and Squamish rivers contributed sediment to the lake; consequently, different depositional environments existed near Cheekye Fan than farther upstream. Debris flows that travelled down Cheekye River to Cheakamus River provided fine-grained sediment that accumulated in the deepest part of the lake just north of the fan. Farther upstream, organic-rich silt was deposited in fens and marshes surrounding the lake. Squamish River is confined by steep banks of cobble-boulder gravel 1.5–2 km north of the present Cheakamus-Squamish confluence, suggesting that coarse sediment transported by Cheakamus River controlled the lake outlet and, accordingly, lake level. As sediment delivery from Cheakamus and Cheekye rivers declined through the late Holocene, the lake outlet was progressively lowered and the lake drained. Sedimentation in Squamish Valley upstream of Cheekye Fan is also influenced by landslides at Mt. Cayley, 45 km upstream. A large landslide at Mt. Cayley about 1100 years ago produced a sediment pulse that propagated downstream and caused the floodplain above Cheekye Fan to aggrade. Sand buried the remaining fens that covered part of the low-gradient floodplain, leading to their replacement by coniferous and riparian forest. The model that I use to interpret Squamish River sedimentary environments can be applied to other low-gradient floodplains influenced by alluvial fans.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".