Upgrading of Bitumen in Super Critical Water — Activation of Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, oil sand in Canada has been gathering attention because of its huge storage, and the lack of fossil fuels. However, the bitumen from the oil sand has the problems for commercial use due to its high viscosity, high sulfur and high heavy metal content. Our research group has been carrying heavy oil/bitumen upgrading by hydrothermal visbreaking in supercritical water with the addition of alkali. Results showed that by supercritical water treatment with alkali was very effective for upgrading heavy oil/bitumen. However, water activation for upgrading bitumen remains poorly understood. An understanding of water activation is needed for improving upgrading bitumen in supercritical water reaction. In this study, therefore, the effect of water on upgrading bitumen in supercritical water reaction was investigated by varying reaction pressure and temperature. Experiments were performed in both a batch reactor and a continuous‐flow reactor. In batch experiment, experiments were performed at temperature of 380°C to 460°C, the reaction pressure of 24 MPa to 40 MPa, and the reaction time of 30 min. Results showed that pressure and temperature, particularly pressure, have great effect on upgrading bitumen in supercritical water reaction This suggests that that the desired product could be obtained by controlling the reaction pressure and temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".