Between A Rock and A Hard Place: Marriage Implications for Women in the Reformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At first glance, the changing trends concerning marriage during the Reformation appear to embody a fundamental shift toward a partnership model of more equal religious status between men and women.Martin Luther, for example, argues in The Estate of Marriage that marriage was not spiritually inferior to celibacy; rather, it was an admirable pursuit that was pleasing to God by its own merit. 1 As participants in the marital bond, then, Protestant women would seemingly be elevated in importance relative to their Catholic counterparts.However, primary source evidence indicates that these effects were not so clearly defined.As scholar Susan Karant-Nunn argues, the reformers' "positive estimation of marriage on one hand" conflicted with their "ongoing mistrust of women on the other." 2 This opposing set of attitudes manifested itself in a variety of ways that ultimately yielded only moderate advances for women through the legitimization of marriage.Through an ongoing condemnation of female sexuality, a deliberately hierarchical structure between husband and wife, and an express lack of faith in wives' contributions to matrimony, the reformers ultimately reinforced the view that women were spiritually inferior to men.Although the reformers emphasized the various goods of marriage in its own right, they nevertheless maintained the Catholic idea that marriage was also a necessary vehicle of 1 Martin Luther, "The Estate of Marriage," in The European Reforms Sourcebook, ed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".