The analysis of organic ballistic materials
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Both gas chromatography/mass chromatography (GC/MS) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) methodologies have been developed for the extraction and analysis of compounds encountered in relation to unburned propellant powders from firearm ammunitions. These methods allowed the detection of 27 compounds that may be present in organic gunshot residues (OGSR). The developed methodologies were applied to the analysis of unburned propellant and OGSR from spent ammunition cartridges and fabrics subjected to firearm discharges. Throughout the study a total of 16 ammunition types where investigated. Work carried out on the suitability of various SPME fibre types showed that 65μm PDMS/DVB was the most appropriate type for extracting the compounds of interest. Extractions carried out on unburned propellant powders showed that all of the ammunitions analysed produced different chromatographic results. All of the ammunitions in the analysed population could be differentiated from one another; it was determined to be highly unlikely that false matches could occur.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it