A People's Religion: P. W. Philpott and the Hamilton Christian Workers' Church
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When P. W. Philpott left the Salvation Army and founded the Christian Workers’ Church in 1892, he was followed by many former Salvation Army adherents who, like Philpott, were dissatisfied with the Army’s hierarchical structure and its centralized management of funds. While the Christian Workers had no political or social agenda and did not foster a class consciousness, much of Philpott’s critique of the Army paralleled the language and concerns of class struggle. The Christian Workers dissociated themselves from what they portrayed as a concern for social propriety and economic advancement that had distanced the “denominational” churches from the working people. The lack of a political agenda could be interpreted as a failure of the Christian Workers to respond to the social realities of the early twentieth century, especially in rapidly industrializing Hamilton, where Philpott was pastor for over 20 years. However, the discourse and practices of the Christian Workers provided what Michel Foucault has called “technologies of the self” that could be employed individually by men and women to make sense of their lives and thereby transform themselves and their condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".