Empirical Analysis of Snow Deformation Below Penetrometer Tips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent field observations suggest that when an object, such as a digital snow penetrometer, is pushed through snow, a zone of densified snow develops in front of it. It is this zone of densified snow, rather than the actual tip of the object itself, that impacts on newly encountered snow as the object is pushed deeper into the snowpack. The concept of a compacted zone is introduced to describe this zone of snow. This is a sub-region of the broader deformation zone that encompasses all snow deformation below the tip of the penetrating object. The shape of both the deformation zone and compacted zone is influenced by the shape of the object’s tip but also by the density, temperature, moisture content, grain size and grain shape of the snow through which the object is being pushed. The compacted zone effect is described and the impact on snow deformation of different snow densities and different tip shapes is preliminarily assessed. The use of particle image velocimetry in conjunction with a moving body coordinate system is presented as a useful tool for analysing deformation patterns for moving objects through uniform snow. The importance of this effect for penetrometer tip design and assessment of vertical resolution is discussed. Data is taken from a series of video and rapid-fire still camera shots of different shaped penetrometer tips being pushed through a clear, stiff plastic box filled with snow. Snow confinement along the side of the snow box is identified as a limitation of this technique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".