The prevalence and severity of anaemia and iron deficiency after marriage and before childbearing among adolescent and adult females in rural Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Anemia and iron deficiency (ID) during pregnancy are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. An estimated 300–500 mg of storage Fe is required for pregnancy. Objective: To examine iron (Fe) status of nulliparious, married females. Methods: Baseline data was from a RCT on periconceptional Fe supplementation in Kalingonj, Bangladesh. Results: Of 272 females, 37% were anaemic (Hb<120 g/L), 16% were ID (SF<12 ìg/L or TfR>4.4 mg/L) and 11% had ID and anaemia (ID with Hb<120 g/L). Median storage Fe was 328.1 (171.9–388.8). 20% of females had <300 mg of storage Fe and all females had <500 mg of Fe.Adolescents (<19 yrs) had significantly lower SF (32.6 vs 42.7, p<0.0007) and storage Fe values(321.2 vs 332.6, p=0.0035). Conclusions: A significant proportion of females have compromised Fe status and at least one fifth will enter pregnancy with insufficient Fe stores. Adolescent females represent a high‐risk group. Efforts around periconceptional Fe supplementation, education on dietary intake of iron‐rich foods and delayed childbearing are needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".