Hydrogen Sulfide And Arsenic-rich Waters Originating From Buried Wood Waste Along The Commencement Bay Waterfront, Tacoma, Washington
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thick accumulations of wood waste occur along the Commencement Bay waterfront at the sites of former sawmills. Recent studies have established that H (sub 2) S-rich water emanating from this wood waste inhibits the growth of eel-grass, an aquatic plant that provides vital habitat for juvenile salmon and other marine organisms. Efforts to restore the near-shore habitat of Commencement Bay must therefore include mitigation of these sulfide-rich waters. To better understand the origins of these waters we have analyzed D.O., pH, major ions and trace metals in a suite of samples collected from an approximately 100 year old sawdust pile located in the intertidal zone at N.45th St. and Ruston Way in Tacoma. These samples include pore water from within the pile (PW), fresh water from springs that may discharge into the pile (FW), and water from the bay itself (BW). Average concentrations of major cations in PW (Mg = 828 ppm, K = 306 ppm, and Cl =1150 ppm) are intermediate between those of FW (Mg = 14 ppm, K = 3 ppm, and Cl =39 ppm) and BW (Mg = 857, K = 333 ppm, and Cl = 1160 ppm), suggesting that PW represents a mixture between fresh water (5-15 %) and sea water (85-95%). Hydrogen sulfide levels in PW (avg. 2800 ppm) are dramatically higher than in FW (below detection) and BW (avg. 7 ppm), although total S is higher in BW (781 ppm) than PW (avg. 682 ppm). Trace metal contents of PW (avg. As = 72 ppb; avg. Mo = 35 ppb) are elevated relative to FW (avg. As = 15 ppb; Mo = 18 ppb) and BW (avg. As = 27 ppb, Mo = 23 ppb). We conclude that the permeable wood waste pile acts as an anoxic chamber in which BW SO (sub 4) (super 2-) is reduced to S (super 2-) . The pile also appears to be a source of As and Mo but future research is needed to determine whether these and other heavy metals originate from the wood waste itself or from an external water source that we have not yet sampled.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".