Comparison of Ice Hockey Helmet Impact Attenuation Tests on Steel and Elastomeric Impact Surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
United States ice hockey helmet standards were developed with an elastomeric surface for impact attenuation tests. These tests measure peak acceleration as a function of impact velocity. Recently, other standards have specified a flat steel impact surface, with a lower impact velocity (3.96 m/s as opposed to 4.50 m/s) to compensate for the greater hardness of the surface. It has been proposed that the U.S. standard be revised to use the steel impact surface, with the lower impact velocity. A series of tests was conducted to determine whether tests performed with the proposed lower impact velocity on steel would yield peak acceleration results equivalent to test results with the higher impact velocity on an elastomeric surface. Tests were performed on three different models of ice hockey helmets. Impact tests were conducted at 4.50 m/s on the elastomeric surface, 3.96 m/s on steel, and 4.20 m/s on steel. Results are compared for the three impact schemes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".