PERFORMANCE OF LAB-PRODUCED HVFA-BLENDED CEMENTS IN CONCRETE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of portland cement contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Technologies are being developed to reduce the production of portland cement clinker in rotary kilns while maintaining the target production of cement to meet the demand of the construction industry. The Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) developed a high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete in which 55 to 60% of the portland cement is replaced by a low-calcium fly ash, a by-product of thermal power plants. To resolve manufacturing problems, a blended cement was developed. This cement incorporated high volumes of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Class F fly ash. The blended cement is made by intergrinding approximately 55% of a low-calcium fly ash and 45% of ASTM Type I or Type III cement clinker together with small amounts of gypsum and a dry high-range water-reducing admixture (HRWRA). This article presents the development of the HVFA-blended cements at CANMET and discusses their performance in concrete. The results of various lab tests studying the chemical and physical properties of the cements are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".