Tobacco Goes to College: Cigarette Advertising in Student Media, 1920-1980
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Broussard, Jinx Coleman. African American Foreign Correspondents: A History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. 268 pp. $45.In an engaging history of the ways in which blacks have reported on the world since the 1840s, African American Foreign Correspondents: A History makes an important contribution to journalism history. The narrative progresses through stories about individual reporters located in currents of black intellectual thought at specific historical moments. It usefully expands the definition of foreign correspondence to include any type of information gathered abroad for dissemination in the United States. With firsthand, fact-based accounts they helped to create and maintain black press traditions as they advocated for blacks to leave the United States to find fair treatment in other countries; compared the treatment of blacks in other countries to their treatment in the United States; supported other people of color; conceived of the world as comprised of a global race of people of color; deconstructed colonialism; debunked racial stereotypes; and incited for mental and moral progress for the race.The stories of three accidental foreign correspondents acting alone introduce intellectual currents and reporting approaches subsequently deployed by others. In 1845, Frederick Douglass began a two-year trip to Great Britain and Ireland. His letters home compared the treatment of blacks with those in United States. Published in the abolitionist Liberator and other papers, his letters encouraged fellow abolitionists to advocate for all marginalized people. In 1851, Mary Ann Shadd Cary moved to Canada and began a campaign for black emigration. Her first pamphlet described the promise of a new country filled with opportunities for ill-treated American blacks. Her newspaper was a resource for potential migrants. It debunked myths about people of color and incited for their mental and moral progress. George Washington Williams, in the late 1880s, traveled to Africa, and his reports carried an anticolonial message.After the turn of the twentieth century, T. Thomas Fortune reported for the Voice of the Negro. It supported a shared identity for all people of color and challenged stereotypes. Seeing the worldwide struggle between white oppressors and nonwhite others, in 1905 it sympathized with Japan in its war with Russia. The magazine supported the racial uplift advocated by W.E.B. DuBois and satirized some of the views of Booker T. Washington.From its founding in 1892, the AfroAmerican was committed to being a voice for blacks and to uplifting the race. During World War I it focused on the conditions of and opportunities for black soldiers. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".