Bibliographic record
Abstract
The wireless age Subsequent to the mathematical theory of electromagnetic waves formulated by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873 and the demonstration of the existence of these waves by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, Guglielmo Marconi made history by using radio waves for transatlantic wireless communications in 1901. In 1906, amplitude modulation (AM) radio was invented by Reginald Fessenden for music broadcasting. In 1913, Edwin H. Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver, based on which the first broadcast radio transmission took place at Pittsburgh in 1920. Land-mobile wireless communication was first used in 1921 by the Detroit Police Department. In 1929, Vladimir Zworykin performed the first experiment of TV transmission. In 1933, Edwin H. Armstrong invented frequency modulation (FM). The first public mobile telephone service was introduced in 1946 in five American cities. It was a half-duplex system that used 120 kHz of FM bandwidth. In 1958, the launch of the SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbital Relay Equipment) satellite ushered in a new era of satellite communications. By the mid-1960s, the FM bandwidth was cut to 30 kHz. Automatic channel trunking was introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, with which full-duplex was introduced. The most important breakthrough for modern mobile communications was the concept of cellular mobile systems by AT&T Bell Laboratories in the 1970s.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.429 | 0.271 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".