9. Conventional and Unconventional Political Participation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The European Values Study (EVS) examines a 2008 snapshot of conventional and unconventional participation across the widely varying political and socio-economic landscape of Europe. The EVS data allow us to assess whether differences in political participation can be attributed to factors related to two distinct theoretical traditions that emphasize the importance of the national context; the first emphasizing the role of societal modernization and the second highlighting institutional features of societies; or to differences in the socio-economic composition of populations. This chapter addresses the following issues: (1) how do rates of conventional and unconventional participation vary between European countries; (2) to what extent can any variation be explained by macro-level differences in the context of countries rather than by differences in their population composition; and (3) to what extent are differences in the political-institutional context rather than in the level of modernization the most relevant macro-level differences explaining any variation. Keywords: conventional political participation; European Values Study (EVS); societal modernization; unconventional political participation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".