Ternary Cement in Canada: Factory Blends Allow Widespread Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ternary cement is a blend of two supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and portland cement. The third component is often a blend of either fly ash or slag cement with a cement and silica fume blend. The authors discuss the use of factory-blended ternary cement made with slag cement, silica fume, and portland cement, and tested in Canada between 1998 and 2000. Another type of ternary cement available in Canada, which contains Class F fly ash, silica fume, and portland cement, is not discussed. Concrete performance, including fresh concrete properties, autogenous temperature rise, compressive strength development, permeability, alkali-silica reaction, freezing and thawing, deicing salt scaling resistance, drying shrinkage, and sulfate resistance, are all discussed. The authors conclude that ternary cement is suitable for a wide concrete project range due to its versatility and, compared to portland cement, has many advantages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".