Patterns of service utilization in a syringe exchange program. : Poster presented at the 17th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm, April 30 to May 4th, 2006 in Vancouver.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: This study monitors a syringe exchange program (Malmo, Sweden), in which all visits and exchanges are registered anonymously, although some services e.g. HIV-tests and vaccinations need identification. Methods: Two datasets are used. a) About 500 visitors were interviewed on childhood as well as present social situation, health, drug use, risk behaviors, social network and treatment experiences. Their visits as well as amount and types of services used were monitored during 40 months. b) All visits between 1989 - 2003 (177699 visits, 3660 users) were continuously registered, including services used. Results: The visitors (mean age 35.5 ys, 71 % men) had used drugs 23 years and injected 16 years. Prevalence of HIV was low (2.3 %) but frequent on hepatitis B and C (61 and 86 %, respectively). The number of users who shared needles ?last year? was 37 % and ?last month? 19 %. Number of visits varied from 1 to 616, and the average visitor came once in two months. They collected 63 syringes per year (mean) and gave 44 (70 %) in return. Most visitors (86 %) used additional services, and in more than 40 % of the visits. Nearly all (98.5 %) tested for HIV; 36 % had physical examination, and 22 % other health care, 20 % met the counsellor and 27 % vaccinated against Hepatitis B. This had a dramatic effect in reducing the relative risk for such infection (odds ratio 0,004). The second dataset is currently being analyzed. The presentation will include various patterns of program utilization over time. Conclusions: Utilization of the services varies to a great extent. Few visitors make the majority of visits. Most users do not visit frequently enough to supply their need of clean needles. Hence, there is still a high incidence of hepatitis. But the large majority seems to use the additional services. The development over time for diverse groups of visitors will be further explored in the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".