World Visions: ‘Native Missionaries,’ Mission Networks And Critiques Of Colonialism In Nineteenth-Century South Africa And Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is unclear from extant scholarship how Indigenous people responded to, understood and engaged with the global dimension of nineteenth century Christian missions. This chapter begins to address this question by examining the way two 'native missionaries' in different parts of the British Empire-Tiyo Soga in the Cape Colony (1829-1871) and Henry Budd in the Canadian Northwest (1812-1875)-used their involvement with British mission organisations to construct and mobilise visions of the wider world and respond to colonialism. Examining the writings of Soga and Budd this chapter argues two things: 'native missionaries' saw the world as a place divided by religion and connected by Biblical history; and they used this world vision to critique colonialism and create unique understandings of either pan-Africanism or what might be termed 'pan-Indigeneity,' the belief that historic and contemporary experiences connected so-called 'Indigenous' people in the nineteenth-century. Keywords: British colonialism; Canada; Henry Budd; nineteenth century Christian mission; pan-Africanism; Tiyo Soga
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".