Endoscopic Management of Gastric Varices: Efficacy and Outcomes of Gluing with N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate in a North American Patient Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gastric variceal bleeding is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with portal hypertension. Outside of North America, gastric variceal injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been shown to be safe and effective. The majority of studies on this mode of therapy are in Asian populations in which the etiology of portal hypertension differs from North America. AIM: To assess the safety and efficacy of gastric variceal glue injection in a North American population. METHODS: Consecutive patients that underwent glue injection of gastric varices in the Calgary Health Region from 2001 to 2006 were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (19 men, 15 women) underwent a total of 47 separate gluing procedures. Of those presenting with active bleeding at endoscopy, immediate hemostasis was achieved in 93.8% of patients. Rebleeding within 48 h of gluing was observed after four procedures. Gastric varices were eradicated in 84.0% of cases. Complications included superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in one patient. Twenty-eight (82.4%) patients were alive at the end of follow-up. The treatment failure-related mortality rate was 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is one of the few to assess the role of gastric variceal gluing in a North American population. Glue injection with cyanoacrylate is safe and effective in the treatment of bleeding gastric varices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".