Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the outcomes of study abroad, and further investigated why some learners make more language contact and/or proficiency gain during their study abroad than others. The research participants were 25 second-year Japanese university students in a private university in Tokyo, learning English in a 15-week study abroad program in Canada. This study generated three research questions. Research question one sought to find both linguistic and non-linguistic outcomes of a study abroad. Research question two had two parts: investigating variables associated with postreturn English proficiency test results, and exploring variables associated with while-abroad language contact. Finally, in research question three, qualitative data were used to find interpretations and explanations into the variables identified by quantitative data, especially focusing on the amount of while-abroad language contact. The variables used in the study include affective factors e.g., motivation, willingness to communicate, language anxiety, self-perceived English skills, and homesickness. In addition, learner profiles, e.g., previous study abroad experience, the number of English courses taken prior to study abroad, the amount of language contact prior to study abroad, and English proficiency, were considered. This research employed mixed methods, and the following sections summarize a number of findings from both the quantitative and qualitative analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".