Ursolic Acid Mediated Inhibition of Human Prostate Cancer Cell Growth <i>in vitro</i> Involves Alterations in Cell Cycle Related Protein Expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a constituent of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and other Vaccinium fruit found primarily in the peel. In this study, the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on the cell cycle behaviour of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro was examined. Following treatment of cells with UA (50 μM) for 6 hours, the cellular viability of the cells decreased. UA treatment increased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The relative proportion of cells in G2-M phase was similar in both control and UA-treated cells. UA treatment also caused a decrease in the proportion of cells in S-phase relative to untreated cells. These cell cycle alterations were associated with changes in expression of cell cycle associated regulatory proteins. UA decreased the protein expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin D, p16 , pRBp107 and increased the expression of CDK2, CDK4, cyclin E, p21, p27 and pRBp130. CyclinB1 protein expression levels were apparently unaffected by UA. These findings demonstrate that ursolic acid can affect the cell growth behaviour of human prostate cancer cells in vitro. [Cranberry Institute (Wisconsin Board) & Telus MRFD Prostate Cancer Research Fund (PEI Division) funded]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".