Episcopal Reform and Politics in Early Modern Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This welcome collection of articles by emerging scholars highlights the myriad impediments to the full realization of the Tridentine ideal of episcopally-driven Catholic reform in early modern Europe.Invoking "Tip" O'Neill's famous adage that "All politics is local" (ix), William V. Hudon in his foreword (ix-xiv) articulates the contributors' aim to move beyond old polemics about Counter-Reformation/Catholic Reform and even more recent models of "confessionalization" and "social disciplining." Rather, they develop Hubert Jedin's insights into the "compromises" (and contradictions) of Trent and, particularly, Giuseppe Alberigo's view of how local conditions and interests shaped (and limited) episcopal reform efforts.Jennifer Mara DeSilva's introduction (1-25) briskly surveys the conflation of spiritual and temporal powers that characterized the episcopacy's evolution over the Middle Ages down to Trent, and provides a handy inventory of sources and sites for local episcopal studies (11-15).The nine chapters that follow focus on Italy (four), France and Switzerland (three), the Netherlands (one) and England (one), highlighting a variety of legal, political, and social constraints that conditioned local episcopal reforms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Raymond A. Powell opens a first section on "Episcopal Authority" with a meticulous analysis of episcopal promotions under Mary Tudor (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45).Noting that all but one bishop refused to submit to the Elizabethan settlement of 1559, he challenges Eamon Duffy's view that such resistance was owing to a "dramatic stiffening of spine . . .among the upper clergy" during the Restoration and credits it more to a "packed" episcopacy (40-41) that Mary chose herself.With little coaching from Cardinal Pole, she favoured candidates who had demonstrated loyalty to herself and her mother and a willingness to suffer prison, exile, or confiscation for the sake of traditional Catholicism under her father and Edward.Turning to the Low Countries, Hans Cools follows the histories of the six dioceses of the Netherlands from Charles V's ascent in 1515 to Pope Paul IV's complete redrawing of the region's ecclesiastical map in 1559 (46-62).Because three of them lay in French and Burgundian territory, the Hapsburgs focused on their political importance and relied heavily
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".