Modulation of ion channels by protons in retinal horizontal cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protons are synaptic modulators acting between photoreceptors and horizontal cells in the retina. We investigated the effects of H + in modulating or carrying ion channel current in horizontal cells of the goldfish retina with patch‐clamp. In voltage‐clamp experiments, increasing the concentration of extracellular H + (pH o = 7.8–6.0) produced reversible inhibition of inward rectifier K + (I Kir ) and Ca 2+ (I Ca ) currents and, in the absence of extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ o ), a prominent inhibition of outward current. However, in the presence of K + channel blockers (20 mM TEA, 10 mM 4‐AP), H + increased an inward conductance at hyperpolarized potentials (‐100 mV). Characteristics of this current were similar to those of I Kir , such as reversal near the K + equilibrium potential and inhibition by 100 μM glutamate and 10 mM Cs + . Therefore, this increase in current by H + may have been due to activation of I Kir or reduced block of Kir channels by TEA and 4‐AP. In the physiological range between −70 mV and −20 mV, increasing extracellular H + also induced inward current that reversed positive to E H and that was dependent on the presence of Ca 2+ o . This H + ‐activated current may represent a population of non‐selective cation channels permeable to H + . These data demonstrate multiple targets for H + ‐modulation of ion channels in horizontal cells and suggest potential mechanisms through which H + could modulate synaptic transmission in the retina. Supported by NSHRF and CIHR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".