Salt-tracer experiments to measure hyporheic transit time distributions in gravel-bed sediments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed a series of tracer experiments in large outdoor flumes at the Quesnel River Research Centre, Likely, BC, Canada to quantify the hyporheic transit time distribution in gravel bed sediments. For this purpose, an 18.9 m x 2 m flume was filled with a 30 cm thick layer of well-sorted gravel with a d50 of 39.1 mm. The average longitudinal gradient of the gravel bed was 0.05% The flumes were filled with aerated local groundwater, so that a standing water layer of 20 cm depth over the gravel bed was established. Subsequently, dissolved common salt until the water reached an electrical conductivity (EC) between 450 and 550 µS/cm. The flumes were equilibrated overnight to ensure a uniform distribution of the salt concentration across the flume. At the start of each experiment local groundwater (EC = 150µS/cm) was discharged at a rate of approximately 16 l/s at the upper end of the flume. At 10 m downstream from the inlet the EC was monitored in the water layer until the EC remained constant at a value close to the background value of about 150 µS/cm. The experiment was replicated three times. The measured breakthrough curves were used to calculate the overall transit time distributions of water in the 10 m stretch of the flume. The transit time distribution in the water layer was calculated using the longitudinal dispersion coefficient estimated using the empirical equation of Fischer et al. (1979). For the transit time distributions within the gravel layer we assumed a probability density function as proposed by Marion and Zaramella (2005). These hyporheic transit time distributions were estimated using least-squares deconvolution of the overall transit time distributions. The fitted overall transit time distributions corresponded fairly well to the‘observed' distributions. The 10th percentile of the hyporheic transit time distributions in the 10 m stretch of the flume varied between 45 s and 65 s. The median transit time ranged between 200 s and 295 s and the 90th percentile between 790 s and 1435 s. References Fischer, H.B., E.J. List, R.C.Y. Koh, J. Imberger, and N.H. Brooks 1979.Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. New York: Academic Press. Marion,A., and M. Zaramella 2005. A residence time model for stream-subsurface exchange of contaminants. Acta Geophysica Polonica 53: 525-538.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".